The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. and JavaScript. Internet Explorer). In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. See more. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. Google Scholar. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. Origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Distribution. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Another notable feature is its uneven distribution. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. CAS [12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. Distribution. [20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). Peter A Underhill. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. Nonetheless, our approach using high-resolution phylogenetic relationships as well as their phylogeography to infer the possible origin of a genetic variant provides a more plausible deduction than simply the region of highest frequency. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. G-P303*, also known as G2a2b2a* (previously G2a3b1*), and its subclades are now concentrated in southern Russia and the Caucasus, as well as, at lower levels, other parts of Europe and South West Asia, especially an area including Turkey, Iran and the Middle East where G2a2b2a may have originated. . In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. Samples from persons with British Isles, Sicilian and Turkish ancestry have been identified. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. In 2009-10, Family Tree DNA's Walk through the Y Project, sequencing certain Y-chromosome segments, provided a number of new G SNPs with the L designation. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. Semino et al. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. Although the present-day frequency of G1 is low across its spread zone, the expansion time estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 192716158 years attests to considerable antiquity. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . It has been found in Mexican mestizos. A network analysis of representative hg G-P16 Y-STR haplotypes reveals a diffuse cluster (Supplementary Figure S2). IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades.