Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Translation of " " into Persian . Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. From Stein's translation:[3]. Request Permissions. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Feature Flags: { This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. Report Error It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Published online by Cambridge University Press: You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Verse 15. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. All rights reserved. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Verse 14. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. The Journal of Asian Studies He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Hiranya died childless. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. all exact any . Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. . (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. After that, the English translation. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Son of Hiranyakula. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. Turn on. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Abstract. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. No examples found, consider adding one please. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Died young. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. In 1380 C.E. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Verse 15. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Verse 12. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Total loading time: 0 In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. 2011 Duke University Press It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. 0 0 Similar questions Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. Made king by the minister Shura. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Rajatarangini/Original languages Son of Aksha. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. translator of the Rajataragini. Verse 7. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. "useRatesEcommerce": false In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. He was known for his religious tolerance. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). [citation needed]. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language.