In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). p.)\left.p.\right)p.). a. amygdala A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. c. deindividuation. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. c. young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music. A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called a. ethnicity. For example, the ingroup in most societies is the average citizen, seen as warm and competent. The tendency to favor their ingroup develops quickly in young children, increasing up to about six years of age, and almost immediately begins to influence their behavior (Aboud, 2003; Aboud & Amato, 2001). In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. The tendency to favor one's own . According to Lyons et al. This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. (d) Put a=1/2a=1 / 2a=1/2. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. Exam 1 Dr. b. less; more c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. Logic suggests, then, that because we like ourselves, we also like the groups in which we are members. He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? What is faithful representation, and why is it important. Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? 29 terms. Raised in a society that places a premium on individual achievement and uniqueness, Americans seem to develop a tendency to focus on the characteristics of the individual in making attributions. Other-race Effect: Definition. Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. Discrimination and the implicit association test. Self-serving bias can spill over into the groups we identify with. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. b. physical attractiveness. This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________. ethnocentrism . Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. On April 30, 2016, the petty cash fund contained vouchers totaling$171.40 plus $26.10 of currency. If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? This best illustrates, Social loafing referes to the tendency for people to, Exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. 2. an inclination, bent, or predisposition to something. At another end of the spectrum are homeless people and drug addicts, stereotyped as not having good intentions (perhaps untrustworthy) and likewise being incompetent (unable) to do anything useful. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. This belief best illustrates: While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. direction a . Understandably, people from the first list of groups tends to score higher on SDO, while those from the second group tend to score lower. b. A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. They are motivated by . Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? c. cognitive dissonance. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Betty and Tina are in the third grade. lowering the value of ones house; fewer openings in the school; etc.). After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). 1. Understand subtle, unexamined biases that are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. c. Conflict Early. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. HLT. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. b. prejudice. Its not that the person high in SDO wants to control what this outgroup member does; its that moving into this nice neighborhood disrupts the social hierarchy the person high in SDO believes in (i.e. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race . What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. c. frontal lobes This phenomenon is known as ________. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Boy scout experiment- created conflict and then used superordinate goals to override it, woman whose murder in front of witnesses led to research on bystander effect, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 1, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 2, 01: History of PsychPeople (Unit 1 Review), Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. jamie watson voice actor; is matt manning related to peyton manning; men's patchwork jeans; Published by on 17. to have power or mastery over. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. a. a dispositional attribution. Right-wing authoritarianism, left-wing authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. b. Conformity C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. What does the term multicultural mean? B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . (Check the elasticity of px(p,m)p x^*(p, m)px(p,m) w.r.t. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the . Impact. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. self-worth. . Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. b. . Which of the following statements is likely to be true of Bill? As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. d. aggression. 0 . Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. 2022. hide 31 types. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. (tn dn si) n., pl. However, regardless of political ideology, RWA focuses on competing frameworks of values. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). c. blood alcohol. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. d. vivid cases. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: Aggression As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. C) selective perception. The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. Here, it is because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus threatening the collective values of his or her group. Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. own: [verb] to have or hold as property : possess. : Men are more intelligent. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. a. more; less "Oh, no, never," the woman said. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). B) self-serving bias. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over another is known as Multiple Choice rebuttal. Just ask yourself if youve ever been asked, What are you? This question is frequently asked to people about their ethnicity, national origin, gender identity, religion, and other group affiliations. Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. (b) Find the partial derivatives of the demand functions w.r.t. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. just-world phenomenon In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. tendency. (2004). This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. This best illustrates, Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. a. warrior The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. a. cognitive dissonance. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. a. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. Unit 23. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs. Explanation: It is not true that narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. Could you feel that some associations are easier than others? . When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. It's awful what the human race can do, even with the way we . an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). . Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. Altemeyer, B. Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. Indicators of aversive racism correlate with discriminatory behavior, despite being the ambiguous result of good intentions gone bad. D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. e. Essentialism. The result is seeing people who live in subsidized housing, or who like comic books, or who are religious, or who have autism as one homogenous group with little variation. d. physical attractiveness. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . First, people are interested in understanding the intentions of others. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. This is an example of: individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. Reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. Turner, J. C. (1975). d. father care. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. Basically, rumination . Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1).